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Hello, I'm John Russell.
大家好，我是约翰·罗素。
In today's program, we will explore fricatives.
在今天的节目中，我们来探索摩擦音。
The term means that there is a partial obstruction in the airstream.
摩擦音意为着发音时气流中有部分阻碍。
There are eight of these consonant sounds in English-
英语中有八个这样的辅音，
they are /f/, /v/, /咬舌s/, /咬舌z/, /s/, /z/, /sh/ and /ri/.(注: 此音标写法为便于编辑，规范写法见视频)
它们是：/f/、/v/、/咬舌s/、/咬舌z/、/s/、/z/、/sh/和/ri/。
Fricatives are often a source of confusion for English learners.
对于很多英语学习者来说，摩擦音也常常是一个困惑的来源。
Some English learners confuse them with stops-
一些英语学习者会把它们和闭塞辅音混淆，
consonant sounds that are made by creating a stop in the airflow.
闭塞辅音发音时气流会产生停顿。
To be clear:
更清楚一些地说：
fricatives mean there is a partial obstruction in the air stream.
摩擦音发音时，气流会有部分阻碍。
stops mean there is a full obstruction in the airstream.
闭塞辅音发音时，气流会完全阻碍。
Some English learners substitute fricative sounds with stop sounds.
一些英语学习者会用闭塞辅音代替摩擦音。
For example, they might replace /咬舌s/ with the /t/ sound.
例如，他们可能会用/t/代替/咬舌s/的音。
The result is that a word such as think become something like tink.
结果就是比如单词“think”会读成“tink”。
/咬舌s/ is a fricative sound
/咬舌s/音是一个摩擦音
/t/ is a stop sound.
/t/是一个闭塞辅音
Sometimes English learners substitute stop sounds with fricative sounds.
有时英语学习者也会用摩擦音代替闭塞辅音。
For example, they replace /d/ -a stop sound with /咬舌z/-a fricative sound.
例如，他们会用摩擦音/咬舌z/代替闭塞辅音/d/。
How might you deal with this issue?
你会如何处理这个问题？
Try making note of the consonant sounds that you have difficulty with.
试着记下你发音有困难的辅音。
Then find out how you should use your tongue and airstream when making the sounds.
然后看看发音时你应该如何使用你的舌头和气流。
We have many videos on our website that explore individual sounds, or you can ask a teacher or a friend to help.
我们的网站上有许多探索单个音的视频，或者你可以请老师或朋友帮助。
Keep up the good work.
继续加油吧。
