indicate v. ①显示，指示 ②指明，表明
　　例：He indicated his willingness with a nod of his head. 他点头表示愿意。Research indicates that men find it easier to give up smoking than women. 研究表明，男人比女人更容易戒烟。搭配：indicate…to sb. 指……给某人：She took out a map and indicated the quickest route to us. 她拿出一张地图，给我们指出最近的路线。拓展：indication n. 表明，指示;indicator n. 指示者
　　听力扩展： In the Three Kingdoms Period, during a battle between Cao Cao and Liu Bei, the latter ordered his generals Zhao Yun and Huang Zhong to capture Cao Cao’s supplies. Cao Cao led a large force against Zhao Yun, who retreated as far as the gates of his camp. There, he ordered that the banners be lowered and the war drums silenced, and that the camp gates be left wide open. Zhao Yun then stationed his troops in ambush nearly. When Cao Cao arrived and saw the situation, he immediately suspected a trap and withdrew his forces. This idiom (Yan Qi Xi Gu) is nowadays used to indicate halting an attack or ceasing all activities.三国时代，曹操与刘备交战。刘备命令大将赵云、黄忠去抢夺曹操的粮食。曹操带领大军追赶赵云。赵云边打边退，一直退到营寨前。赵云命令士兵打开营门，放倒军旗，停止擂鼓，在营外设好埋伏。曹军追到，看到这种情景，怀疑有埋伏，就撤退了。“偃旗息鼓”这个成语现在用来比喻停止攻击或者事情中止。【注】camp n. 营寨，帐篷;ambush n. 埋伏;withdrew v. (withdraw的过去时) 撤退

　　influence v. 影响，感化;n. 影响力，影响
　　例：His parents no longer have any real influence over him. 他的父母对他不再有任何真正的约束力了。Don’t let me influence your decision. 不要让我影响你的决定。Listening to the music has a calming influence on her. 听音乐对她起了一种镇静的作用。搭配：influence on/upon 影响，作用;拓展：influence over 支配力，控制力influential a. 有影响的，有势力的
　　听力扩展： I had just pulled over someone for driving under the influence when another car pulled up behind us. I stopped what I was doing and walked back to see if the driver needed assistance. “No, I don’t need any help,”he said. Then, pointing to the alarming light on the roof of my police wagon, he continued, “I just stopped for the red light.”我刚刚把一个酒后驾驶的司机的车拦了下来，一辆车就紧跟着停在了我的车后面。我停下手上的工作，径直走到后面的车那里，看看那位司机是否需要帮助。“我没事，我不需要什么帮助”，他说。接着，他指着我警车上闪着的红色警灯，“看到红灯，所以我停下来了。”【注】under the influence 醉酒;police wagon 警车

　　knowledge n. ① 知识 ②了解
　　例：She has a detailed knowledge of this period. 她对这段时期的情况相当了解。搭配：to one’s knowledge 据某人所知：To my knowledge, they get on well with each other. 据我所知，他们相处得很融洽。come to one’s knowledge 被某人知道，被某人获悉：It has come to our knowledge that you have been taking time off without permission. 我们了解到你们时常未经允许就不上班。拓展：knowledgeable a. 知识渊博的，有见识的
　　听力扩展： Once upon a time there was a small island on which lived Happy, Sad, Knowledge and Love. One day, feeling that the island was about to sink, they were ready to ship, leaving the island. Only Love to stay, she wanted to hold on until the last minute. After a few days, the small island really sank, and Love would like to be helped. At this time, Rich, riding on a ship, passed by. Love said, “Rich, you can take me away?”Rich replied, “No, I’m on board many of the treasures of gold and silver, not your position.” Sad came over. Love asked for help, “Sad, let me go with you!” “Oh. Love, I am sad too, and want to stay for a while a person!” replied Sad. Happy passed, but she was too happy, and did not hear Love! All of a sudden, a voice, “Come! Love, I take you away.” This is an elderly person. More than happy, Love forgot to ask his name. On land, the elderly walked away alone. Love asked Knowledge of an elderly person, “Who is helping me?” “He is the time.” replied the elderly Knowledge. “Time?” Love asked, “Why does he help me?”Knowledge of the elderly smiled, “Only time will understand how great love is.”从前有一个小岛，上面住着快乐、悲哀、知识和爱。一天，得知小岛快要下沉了，大家都准备船只离开小岛。只有爱留了下来，她想坚持到最后一刻。过了几天，小岛真的要下沉了，爱想请人帮忙。这时，富裕乘着一艘大船经过。爱说：“富裕，你能带我走吗?”富裕答道：“不，我的船上有许多金银财宝，没有你的位置。”悲哀过来了，爱向她求助：“悲哀，让我跟你走吧!”“哦，爱，我实在太悲哀了，想自己一个人呆一会!”悲哀答道。快乐走过爱的身边，但是她太快乐了，竟然没有听到爱在叫她!突然，一个声音传来：“过来!爱，我带你走。”这是一位长者。爱大喜过望，竟忘了问他的名字。登上陆地以后，长者独自走开了。爱对长者感恩不尽，问知识老人：“帮我的那个人是谁?”“他是时间。”知识老人答道。“时间?”爱问道，“为什么他要帮我?”知识老人笑道：“因为只有时间才能理解爱有多么伟大。”

　　local a. ①地方性的，当地的 ②局部的
　　例：I suggest that he put an advertisement in the local paper. 我建议他在当地的报纸上登条广告。He provided local delicacies for his guests’meal. 他用当地的美味佳肴来招待客人。拓展：locality n. 位置，地点
　　听力扩展： An elderly woman and her little grandson whose face was sprinkled with bright freckles spent the day at the zoo. Lots of children were waiting in line to get their cheeks painted by a local artist who was decorating them with tiger paws. “You’ve got so many freckles there’s no place to paint!”a girl in the line said to the little fellow. Embarrassed, the little boy dropped his head. His grandmother knelt down next to him. “I love your freckles. When I was a little girl I always wanted freckles”, she said while tracing her finger across the child　s cheek, “Freckles are beautiful.”The boy looked up, “Really?” “Of course,”said the grandmother, “Just name me one thing that’s prettier than freckles in me.”The little boy thought for a moment, peering intensely into his grandma’s face, and softly whispered, “Wrinkles.”一位老太太和她长满雀斑的小孙子一起在动物园里游玩。很多小孩都在排队等候一位当地的艺术家在他们脸上画出虎爪的造型。“你脸上这么多雀斑，都没地方画了!”队列中有个女孩儿对小男孩说。小男孩感到很难堪，就低下头。奶奶蹲下来对他说：“我喜欢你的雀斑，我小时候总想长这些雀斑呢，”她抚摩着男孩的脸颊，“雀斑很美丽!” 男孩抬起头，“真的吗?”“当然是真的，”奶奶说，“你看我身上还有什么比雀斑更美丽呢?” 小男孩想了一下，又认真地凝视着奶奶的面孔，小声地说：“皱纹。”【注】freckle n. 雀斑;wrinkle n. 皱纹

　　maintain[me　n　te　n] v. 维持，坚持
　　例：Mankind has been trying every means to maintain the balance of nature. 人类想方设法维持生态平衡。拓展：maintenance n. 维护，生活费
　　听力扩展：
　　A: I also dislike having to listen to advertisements when they are broadcast in stores or on the subway.
　　B: I couldn’t agree more. That annoys me too. With billboards, you can look away, but with broadcasts, you can’t avoid them.
　　A: Do you like the way that advertising agencies use comedy in their campaign?
　　B: I suppose I do. I don’t like the way that advertising campaign often tells you if you don’t buy a certain product, you’re not cool or modern or something.
　　A: That kind of advertising seems to be very common with brand name products. They are always trying to maintain brand loyalty.
　　A：我不喜欢听商店和地铁里面播放的广告。
　　B：我完全同意。我也讨厌那种广告。如果是广告牌，你可以不看它;但是广播，你却没法儿不听。
　　A：你喜欢广告宣传里面的幽默吗?
　　B：喜欢。我不喜欢那种老是告诉你，如果你不买某个产品，你就不够酷，不够时尚之类的广告宣传。
　　A：品牌产品常常这样，它们总是想让人们忠实于品牌。【注】billboards n. 广告牌

　　nature n. ①自然，自然界，自然状态 ② 本性，性质
　　例：Cats and dogs have quite different natures—dogs like company, and cats are independent. 猫和狗的习性迥异——狗喜欢有伴儿，猫爱独来独往。It’s her nature to be generous. 慷慨大方是她的天性。搭配：in nature 性质上，本质上：The liberation of the whole nation in 1949 was a great change in nature. 1949年的全国解放是本质上的改变。in the nature of sth. 与……类似，以……风格：His speech is in the nature of an apology. 他讲的话就算是道歉。拓展：natural a. 自然的，自然界的
　　听力扩展：
　　W: Mike, come and look at this painting of shrimps! It is so simple yet so vivid!
　　M: Yeah. It is incredible! Is it the work of Qi Baishi?
　　W: Yes, it is. How do you know that?
　　M: Well, Qi is famous all over the world, isn’t he? Besides I am quite interested in Chinese painting.
　　W: Cool! What kind of Chinese painting do you prefer, Xie Yi or Gong Bi?
　　M: I prefer Xie Yi painting, especially the landscape paintings. I can always sense peace and harmony from those landscape paintings.
　　W: That’s true. Chinese art stresses the harmony between Man and Nature, which is an important part of China　s traditional culture.
　　女：迈克，快来看这幅虾戏图!简单但却非常生动!
　　男：是啊。简直令人难以置信! 这是齐白石的作品吗?
　　女：是的。你怎么知道的?
　　男：这个嘛，齐白石世界闻名，不是吗? 而且我对中国画很感兴趣。
　　女：你真棒!写意和工笔两种中国画，你更喜欢哪种?
　　男：我更喜欢写意画，尤其是风景画。风景画能让人体味平静与和谐。
　　女：的确如此。中国艺术强调人与自然的和谐，这也是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。【注】shrimp n. 小虾;incredible a. 难以置信的