新编临床医学英语教材(MP3+中英字幕) 第55期:癌症的诊断

时间:2016-08-09 14:42:54 来源:可可英语编辑:wendy 可可英语APP下载 | 可可官方微信:ikekenet

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General evaluation. The diagnosis of cancer can be simple or it can challenge all the skills of clinical investigation.
普遍诊断。癌症的诊断可非常容易，也可挑战临床研究的所有技能。

In some instances metastatic tumors may be the first indication of cancer, and the primary lesion may escape efforts at detection.
有时转移癌可能是癌症的第一指征，而原发损害却难以发现。

The challenge is to detect cancer as early as possible, when it is most likely to be cured.
我们所面临的挑战是尽早发现癌症，尽早发现增加治愈可能。

One third of new patients have in situ or localized cancer, one quarter have regional lymph node disease,
在所有新病人中，三分之一是原位癌，四分之一患局部淋巴结疾病，

and one third have distant disease; the remaining few per cent have disease of undefined stage.
三分之一有转移性疾病，少数病患的病情阶段尚未明确。

Early detection of localized disease is aided by an awareness of risk factors in the family history, personal habits (tobacco, alcohol, sun exposure) and occupational exposure (asbestos, chromium, benzene).
为尽早发现原位癌，我们要通过家族史、个人习惯（抽烟、饮酒、光照）以及职业性照射（石绵、铬、苯）的危险系数来扶助检测。

It also requires attention to subtle and nonspecific symptoms of fatigue, weakness, weight loss, depression, headache, pain, changes in bowel habits,
还要注意疲劳、虚弱、减重、抑郁、头疼、疼痛、排便、

persistent cough or hoarseness, rectal bleeding, and other clues from the history.
持续咳嗽、声音嘶哑、直肠出血、家族史等细微或非特定症状。

In evaluating a patient who presents with nonspecific symptoms that might be indicators of malignancy, such as weight loss, fever, or fatigue,
在诊断有非特定症状的病患时，例如减重、高烧或疲劳，这些或是恶性肿瘤的标志，

the physician should carefully examine all mucosal surfaces, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum for masses or ulcerated lesions.
医生要细心检测所有粘膜表面、乙状结肠，直肠肿块或溃疡性病变。

In addition to elements of a routine examination, stool should be tested for occult blood.
除了常规检测，粪便要进行隐血试验。

More subtle clues may be seen in the skin with finding such as petechiae, hyper-pigmentation of skin folds (acanthosis nigricans) , or atypical moles (dysplastic nevi).
我们还可以在皮肤上发现细微征兆，例如淤点、皮皱深度过度（黑棘皮症）或是非典型痣（发育不良性痣）

Attention should be paid to the presence of systemic cancer-associated effects, such as neuromyopathies.
要对出现的全身性癌症病症给予关注，比如神经肌病。

Leads from laboratory testing may be found in unexplained anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypercalcemia, or elevation of serum LDH and acid or alkaline phosphatase levels.
实验室检测提示不明原因的贫血，血小板减少，高钙血症以及血清乳酸脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶水平的升高。

Other frequent harbingers of cancer are pulmonary nodules or radiolucent bone lesions associated with new bone pain.
其它常见先兆有肺结节，以及与新骨痛有关的透析性骨病。

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1.weight loss 减重

例句：Symptoms of the disease include fever and weight loss.
这种疾病的症状包括发烧和体重减轻yKP1z2hVkeFlLA.。

2.clinical investigation 临床研究

例句：The study was published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation.
此项研究已经发表在临床研究期刊上+%#([sFfaJHl。

3.risk factor 危险因素

例句：If you do that, the whole idea of a risk factor doesn’t make any sense to me.
如果你们这样做的话，对我来说，整个风险因素的概念没有任何意义Z!wpwwZxNAS@=+uw+KpX。

4.occult blood 隐血

例句：Many other conditions can cause occult blood in the stool.
许多其他条件可能会导致隐血出现在粪便中eOXT#(jr0h8[Nx。

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重点单词		查看全部解释
bleeding	['bli:diŋ]	想一想再看 n. 出血；渗色 adj. 流血的；同情的 v. 出血；
depression	[di'preʃən]	想一想再看 n. 沮丧，萧条	联想记忆 X 单词depression 联想记忆： depress沮丧+ion→沮丧；萧条
colon	[kəu'ləun]	想一想再看 n. 冒号，结肠，科朗(哥斯达黎加和萨尔瓦多的货币单位)	联想记忆 X 单词colon 联想记忆：把colon从上往下写，在把两个o用笔图黑，冒号就出现了。
routine	[ru:'ti:n]	想一想再看 n. 例行公事，常规，无聊 adj. 常规的，	联想记忆 X 单词routine 联想记忆： rout[=route常走的道路]+ine表名词，“状态，药物等”→常规
undefined	[,ʌndi'faind]	想一想再看 adj. 不明确的；未下定义的
indication	[.indi'keiʃən]	想一想再看 n. 表示，指示，象征
awareness	[ə'wɛənis]	想一想再看 n. 认识，意识，了解	联想记忆 X 单词awareness 联想记忆： a+ware注视+ness→意识，知觉
escape	[is'keip]	想一想再看 v. 逃跑，逃脱，避开 n. 逃跑，逃脱，(逃
occupational	[.ɔkju'peiʃnl]	想一想再看 adj. 职业的
exposure	[iks'pəuʒə]	想一想再看 n. 面临（困难），显露，暴露，揭露，曝光