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美国历史《我们的故事》第二集革命25:华盛顿军队遭遇天花病毒(下)

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TEXT:once smallpox arrives at Valley Forge, it spreads through the cramped huts like wildfire.Washington survived smallpox as a child. Now he decides to take a gamble...with one of the most daring experiments in US military history.Surgeons have learned about inoculation from African slaves. They harvest pus from a smallpox victim...and smear the live virus into cuts on the skin of a healthy patient. The inoculation spreads the infection, but at a slower rate. A week after exposure, the victim's white blood cells create antibodies. These attack and kill the virus that causes smallpox before the disease can spread. But it's a dangerous race against time. To survive, the patient's immune system has to work faster than the virus, or it will run out of control. One in 50 of those inoculated will die. But Washington's gamble pays off. New cases of smallpox fall from several thousand to just a few dozen. But to win the war against the British, Washington turns to an unlikely hero who will transform his ragtag militia into a formidable fighting machine.1778. George Washington's Patriot Army survives a hard winter and an outbreak of smallpox at Valley Forge. Now Washington introduces a new recruit who will change the course of the war. Baron von Steuben is an ex-Prussian Army officer, an elite soldier whose career is said to have been ruined by his homosexuality. But Washington makes him one of th e most powerful men in his command. Washington was a genius in taking people in who didn't seem like they could achieve great things, but under him, they rose to the challenge, they rose to the occasion. And that's what great leaders do.Von Steuben's task : Reinvent the demoralized Patriot Army so they can take on the British in aclose fight.知识百科:天花病毒的历史(下)
译文:天花刚一出现在佛吉谷就迅速在拥挤的营帐中传播开来。华盛顿小时候得过天花,这次他决定冒险一搏,做一个美军历史上最大胆的试验。军医从非洲奴隶那里学到了接种的技术,他们从天花病人身上采集脓液,然后把活病毒抹在健康人伤口上接种使得感染扩散,但扩散速度慢一些。感染一周后患者的白细胞会分泌出抗体,它们会在病情蔓延之前攻击并且消灭天花病毒,但这是一场与时间的赛跑,生死攸关。要想生存,病人的免疫系统的反应必须快于病毒的扩散,否则病情会一发不可收拾。受接种的人,五十个中会有一个丧命于此,但华盛顿赌赢了,天花的新病例从几千人降到了几十人。但要击败英国人华盛顿还要完成一个壮举,把手下这群乌合之众训练成强大的战争机器。1778年,华盛顿的爱国大军在佛吉谷相继经受了严冬和天花的考验,接下来华盛顿新招募的一名军官将扭转战局。拜伦·冯·施托伊本是名前普鲁士军官,同时也是名杰出的士兵,但据说其因同性恋者身份而前途尽失。华盛顿不拘一格,将他提拔为手下的一员大将。戴维·鲍尔达奇[犯罪推理小说作家]:“华盛顿深谙用人之道,那些看似平庸的人在他领导下却能成为临危受命的贤才良将,伟大的领袖往往如此。冯·施托伊本的任务是重振低落的士气,使他们能够与英军近距离作战。(接上期内容)

TEXT:once smallpox arrives at Valley Forge, it spreads through the cramped huts like wildfire.Washington survived smallpox as a child. Now he decides to take a gamble...with one of the most daring experiments in US military history.Surgeons have learned about inoculation from African slaves. They harvest pus from a smallpox victim...and smear the live virus into cuts on the skin of a healthy patient. The inoculation spreads the infection, but at a slower rate. A week after exposure, the victim's white blood cells create antibodies. These attack and kill the virus that causes smallpox before the disease can spread. But it's a dangerous race against time. To survive, the patient's immune system has to work faster than the virus, or it will run out of control. One in 50 of those inoculated will die. But Washington's gamble pays off. New cases of smallpox fall from several thousand to just a few dozen. But to win the war against the British, Washington turns to an unlikely hero who will transform his ragtag militia into a formidable fighting machine.1778. George Washington's Patriot Army survives a hard winter and an outbreak of smallpox at Valley Forge. Now Washington introduces a new recruit who will change the course of the war. Baron von Steuben is an ex-Prussian Army officer, an elite soldier whose career is said to have been ruined by his homosexuality. But Washington makes him one of th e most powerful men in his command. Washington was a genius in taking people in who didn't seem like they could achieve great things, but under him, they rose to the challenge, they rose to the occasion. And that's what great leaders do.Von Steuben's task : Reinvent the demoralized Patriot Army so they can take on the British in aclose fight.

译文:天花刚一出现在佛吉谷就迅速在拥挤的营帐中传播开来。华盛顿小时候得过天花,这次他决定冒险一搏,做一个美军历史上最大胆的试验。军医从非洲奴隶那里学到了接种的技术,他们从天花病人身上采集脓液,然后把活病毒抹在健康人伤口上接种使得感染扩散,但扩散速度慢一些。感染一周后患者的白细胞会分泌出抗体,它们会在病情蔓延之前攻击并且消灭天花病毒,但这是一场与时间的赛跑,生死攸关。要想生存,病人的免疫系统的反应必须快于病毒的扩散,否则病情会一发不可收拾。受接种的人,五十个中会有一个丧命于此,但华盛顿赌赢了,天花的新病例从几千人降到了几十人。但要击败英国人华盛顿还要完成一个壮举,把手下这群乌合之众训练成强大的战争机器。1778年,华盛顿的爱国大军在佛吉谷相继经受了严冬和天花的考验,接下来华盛顿新招募的一名军官将扭转战局。拜伦·冯·施托伊本是名前普鲁士军官,同时也是名杰出的士兵,但据说其因同性恋者身份而前途尽失。华盛顿不拘一格,将他提拔为手下的一员大将。戴维·鲍尔达奇[犯罪推理小说作家]:“华盛顿深谙用人之道,那些看似平庸的人在他领导下却能成为临危受命的贤才良将,伟大的领袖往往如此。冯·施托伊本的任务是重振低落的士气,使他们能够与英军近距离作战。

知识百科:天花病毒的历史(下)

(接上期内容)

到明代以后,人痘接种法盛行起来。1796年,英国乡村医生爱德华·詹纳发现了一种危险性更小的接种方法。他成功地给一个8岁的男孩注射了牛痘。现在的天花疫苗也不是用人的天花病毒,而是用牛痘病毒做的,牛痘病毒与天花病毒的抗原绝大部分相同,而对人体不会致病。

  1979年10月26日联合国世界卫生组织在肯尼亚首都内罗毕宣布,全世界已经消灭了天花病,并且为此举行了庆祝仪式。世界卫生组织的检查人员在最近两年里,对最后一批尚未宣布消灭天花病的东非四国——肯尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、索马里和吉布提进行了调查,发现这四个国家确实已经消灭了这种疾病,于是发布了这个具有历史意义的消息。天花病是世界上严重危害人们的传染性疾病之一。

图:天花病毒

几千年来,使千百万人死亡或毁容。一百八十年前,英国发明了预防天花病的牛痘疫苗。天花病患者的死亡率仍高达三分之一。后来,发达国家逐步控制了这种疾病,但非洲农村仍有流行。自一九六七年开始进行最后一次大规模消灭天花的活动。现在,天花病的病毒只保留在以下两个实验室中,以供研究之用。美国亚特兰大的疾病控制和预防中心俄罗斯Koltsovo的国家病毒和生物技术中心被史学家甚至称为“人类史上最大的种族屠杀”事件不是靠枪炮实现的,而是天花。

15世纪末,欧洲人踏上美洲大陆时,这里居住着2000-3000万原住民,约100年后,原住民人口剩下不到100万人。研究者指出,欧洲殖民者把天花患者用过的毯子送给了印第安人。随后,瘟疫肆虐,由欧洲传来的腮腺炎、麻疹、霍乱、淋病和黄热病等病也接踵而至。18世纪70年代,英国医生爱德华·琴纳发现了牛痘,人类终于能够抵御天花病毒。“黑死病”于1347年在西西里群岛爆发后,在3年内横扫欧洲,并在20年间导致2500万欧洲人死亡。患者没有任何治愈的可能,皮肤出现许多黑斑,死亡过程极其痛苦,故称为“黑死病”。此病在随后300年间多次在欧洲卷土重来,后世学者估计,共有多达2亿人死于这场瘟疫。

重点单词   查看全部解释    
infection [in'fekʃən]

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n. 传染,影响,传染病

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transform [træns'fɔ:m]

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vt. 转换,变形
vi. 改变
n

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patriot ['peitriət]

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n. 爱国者

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exposure [iks'pəuʒə]

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n. 面临(困难),显露,暴露,揭露,曝光

 
achieve [ə'tʃi:v]

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v. 完成,达到,实现

 
victim ['viktim]

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n. 受害者,牺牲

 
genius ['dʒi:njəs]

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n. 天才,天赋

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military ['militəri]

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adj. 军事的
n. 军队

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control [kən'trəul]

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n. 克制,控制,管制,操作装置
vt. 控制

 
virus ['vaiərəs]

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n. 病毒,病原体

 

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