During the Middle Ages, nearly all Europeans believed in magic. The so-called science of alchemy included much magic. Alchemists hoped to discover the philosopher's stone, a magic substance that could change iron, lead, and other metals into gold. They also tried to find the elixir of life, a miraculous substance that they believed could cure disease and lengthen life.
Some people divide magic into black magic and white magic. Black magic harms people, but white magic helps them. Witches usually practice black magic. But a saint may cure a sick person suing white magic. Some people believe magicians must inherit their powers. Others think any person may become a magician by studying the magical arts.