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The Trump administration has warned China that the US will target Chinese banks unless Beijing takes much stronger measures to impose economic pain on North Korea by reducing trade and financial transactions with Pyongyang.
特朗普(Trump)政府告诫中国，除非北京方面通过减少与平壤方面的贸易和金融往来，采取更强有力的措施给朝鲜制造经济上的困难，否则美国将把中国的银行视作制裁目标。
Marshall Billingslea, a top Treasury official, told Congress on Tuesday that the US had not seen sufficient evidence that China was willing to curb North Korean revenue flows and “expunge North Korean illicit actors” from its banking system. He said the Trump administration would continue to work with China to maximise pressure on North Korea, but stressed that the US “will not hesitate to act unilaterally”.
美国财政部高级官员马歇尔?比林斯利(Marshall Billingslea)周二告诉国会，美国没有看到足够证据证明，中国愿意限制朝鲜的收入和从中国银行体系中“剔除朝鲜非法行为者”。他表示，特朗普政府将继续与中国合作，最大限度对朝鲜施压，但他也强调“美国将毫不犹豫地展开单边行动”。
His remarks followed the UN Security Council’s vote on Monday to impose another round of sanctions on Pyongyang. China and Russia backed the effort after the US agreed to dilute a proposal to ban all exports of refined petroleum exports to North Korea.
他的发言是在联合国安理会(UN Security Council)周一表决通过对朝实施新一轮制裁之后做出的。在美国同意弱化一项禁止向朝鲜出口一切精炼石油产品的提议之后，制裁赢得了中国和俄罗斯的支持。
Donald Trump on Tuesday described the latest UN sanctions as “a very small step” that were “not a big deal”. He added that while it was nice to get a unanimous vote, “those sanctions are nothing compared to ultimately what will have to happen”.
唐纳德?特朗普(Donald Trump)周二表示，最新一轮联合国对朝制裁是“非常小的一步”，“不是什么大不了的事情”。他补充道，尽管制裁获得全票通过很棒，“这些制裁与最终将要发生的事情相比不值一提”。
In recent months, the US has pushed through two rounds of tough sanctions on Pyongyang, but also targeted Chinese companies, such as Bank of Dandong, for engaging in actions that help North Korea further its nuclear weapons programme.
近几个月，美国已推动联合国通过了两轮对朝鲜的严厉制裁，但美国还把矛头对准了一些中国公司，比如丹东银行(Bank of Dandong)，理由是这些公司所从事的业务会帮助朝鲜进一步推进其核武计划。
“If China wishes to avoid future measures, such as those imposed on Bank of Dandong or the various companies sanctioned for illegal trade practices?.?.?.?it urgently needs to take demonstrable public steps to eliminate North Korea’s trade and financial access,” Mr Billingslea told the House foreign affairs committee.
“如果中国希望避免美国未来再采取措施，比如美国对丹东银行或各种因非法贸易行为而遭制裁的公司采取的举措……中国迫切需要采取可见的公开行动来断绝朝鲜的贸易和金融往来渠道，”比林斯利对美国众议院外交事务委员会(House foreign affairs committee)说。
While the UN resolution was not as tough as the US wanted following North Korea’s recent nuclear test, Nikki Haley, US ambassador to the UN, said 90 per cent of North Korean exports were now banned. Experts were divided over the impact of the sanctions, with some saying the cumulative measures were tougher than anything before, while others questioned whether they would have the desired impact of convincing Kim Jong Un, the North Korean leader, to rein in his nuclear programme.
尽管联合国针对朝鲜最新核试验出台的决议不如美国所希望的那么强硬，但美国驻联合国大使尼基?黑利(Nikki Haley)表示，目前朝鲜90%的出口都遭到禁止。对于制裁的效果，专家们存在意见分歧，一些人表示强度日渐加大的举措要比以往任何时候都有力，其他人则质疑这些举措是否能达到说服朝鲜领导人金正恩(Kim Jong Un)停止其核武计划的预期效果。
Bruce Klingner, a former CIA North Korea analyst, said the combination of UN and US actions this year showed that Washington was moving away from measures that punished violators and “moving towards economic warfare” in the way Washington had targeted Iran. US officials have argued that such a path is critical to warding off any future pre-emptive strike to knock out a North Korean ICBM, or a broader “preventive” war that would aim to destroy all of North Korea’s nuclear capabilities.
曾任美国中央情报局(CIA)朝鲜事务分析师的布鲁斯?克林纳(Bruce Klingner)称，今年联合国与美国采取的行动表明，美国已从对违规者采取惩罚措施“转向经济战”，这种战略美国曾针对伊朗实施过。美国官员称，采取这条路线意义重大，它可以防止未来需要发起先发制人的打击以捣毁朝鲜某枚洲际弹道导弹，或是需要发起一场更广泛的“预防性战争”来摧毁朝鲜所有的核能力。
Evans Revere, a North Korea expert and former US diplomat, welcomed the fact that the UN voted unanimously and included new measures, such as a cap on oil exports, but said they were insufficient. “It is yet another attempt to rely on an incremental approach on sanctions that has been shown over the years to be inadequate,” he said. “Incrementalism won’t convince North Korea to end its nuclear and missile programs. Pyongyang knows well how to contend with such upticks in sanctions.”
朝鲜问题专家、前美国外交官李维亚(Evans Revere)对联合国一致通过最新制裁并采取包括限制对朝石油出口等一系列新措施表示欢迎，但称这些措施仍不充分。“这又是想依赖逐渐加大力度的制裁方法的一个尝试，这种方法多年来已被证明是不够的，”李维亚说。“渐进路线不会令朝鲜终止其核武器与导弹计划。平壤方面很清楚如何应对制裁升级。”
Diplomats and experts said the US push for tougher sanctions had been blocked by China and Russia. One diplomat said the discussions were “primarily a China-America negotiation” because China accounts for 90 per cent of trade with North Korea.
外交官和专家表示，美国推动采取更严厉制裁的努力受到中俄的阻挠。一位外交官称，谈判“主要是中美间的商谈”，因为中国占朝鲜对外贸易90%的份额。
While the US circulated the first draft publicly to put pressure on other countries, it ultimately watered down some proposals, such as a ban on all oil exports, a ban on hiring North Korean workers and calls for forced maritime inspections. The first draft designated nine vessels for breaking sanctions but later dropped them in favour of consensual inspections of any vessel suspected of being in breach.
虽然为了向其他国家施加压力，美国公布了第一份对朝决议草案，但有些提议最终被折中，例如全面禁止对朝出口石油、禁止雇用朝鲜工人并要求强制检查一切疑似违规船只。第一份草案认定9艘船只违反了制裁措施，但后来撤销了对它们的指控，同意对任何涉嫌违反规定的船只进行自愿检查。
Mr Billingslea said Pyongyang had lessened the impact of sanctions because of weak implementation in the past. The US has become concerned, for example, that North Korean trade with Russia has risen this year, helping to ease the pain from falling trade with China.
比林斯利称，由于过去对朝制裁措施执行不力，导致这些措施的效应打了折扣。例如，美国已经关注到，今年朝鲜与俄罗斯之间的贸易额增长了，缓解了其与中国贸易额下降的痛苦。
“Russian companies continue to provide support to North Korea,” he said, adding that North Korean bank representatives “operate in Russia in flagrant disregard of the very resolutions adopted by Russia at the UN”.
他说：“俄罗斯企业继续向朝鲜提供支持。”比林斯利补充道，朝鲜的银行代表们“还在俄罗斯开展业务，公然无视俄罗斯在联合国支持的决议”。
Kent Boydston of the Peterson Institute for International Economics said sanctions had not had a material impact on North Korea. “The big question is how much foreign reserves do they have?.?.?.?we don’t know. They have been able to weather sanctions’ storms and there hasn’t been a noticeable effort on the economy.”
彼得森国际经济研究所(Peterson Institute for International Economics)分析师肯特?博伊兹顿(Kent Boydston)表示，这些制裁对朝鲜没有实质性影响。“重要的问题是他们有多少外汇储备……我们不清楚。他们已能经得住制裁的风暴，并且也未见其在经济上采取了任何显著举措。”
