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Welcome to this edition of Our World.
欢迎收听本期的《我们的世界》。
Our main focus tonight will be on pollution.
今晚我们主要讨论污染问题。
We are going to talk about a type of pollution which many people have not even heard of.
我们将要谈论的是一种许多人甚至都没有听说过的污染问题。
Susan Conroy is the Press Liaison officer for the Darker Skies Association.
苏珊·康罗伊是黑暗天空协会的新闻联络官。
Susan, could you just give us a few ideas of what, in your mind, constitutes light pollution?
苏珊，你能给我们讲讲你认为的光污染是什么吗？
I understand one of the most serious problems is that of light escaping up into the skies above our cities and the result is we cannot see all the stars that were once visible.
据我所知，其中一个最严重的问题是，城市光线向天空外溢，导致我们无法看到曾经可以看到的所有星星。
That is what I would term a symptom of the problem and not necessarily the most serious consequence.
这就是我所说的问题的症状，但不一定是最严重的后果。
I would recommend your listeners, if they live in the city area, to go outside, after listening to this program of course, and to look up into the sky.
我建议你的听众，如果他们住在市区，在听完这期节目后，到外面抬头看一看夜空。
I would be surprised if any of them managed to see more than five to ten stars.
如果他们中有人能够看到5到10颗星星就很让人惊喜了。
If they had done this twenty years ago, they would be talking about hundreds and hundreds.
如果他们在20年前抬头看过夜空，他们会谈论天空中有成百上千颗星星。
This is a problem that is getting worse.
这是一个越来越糟糕的问题。
The whole light pollution situation is deteriorating.
光污染状况整体上正在恶化。
Then, what causes this light pollution, Susan?
那么，是什么导致了这种光污染呢，苏珊？
Is it just badly positioned streetlights that shine up into the sky?
难道只是路灯位置不对，导致路灯直射天空？
Well, that is true. Poorly positioned streetlights are a major contributory factor in all of this.
没错。路灯位置不佳是造成这一切的一个主要因素。
Light pollution is not only light that is shining up into the sky which blocks out the stars we were just talking about.
照射到天空的光线遮住我们刚才所说的星星只是光污染的一个方面。
Light pollution is also when areas are over-lit, for example, or lighting is badly designed or badly positioned, which then creates excessive glare.
例如，当某些区域过度照明，或者照明设计不当或位置不当时，也会产生光污染，产生过多刺眼的光。
This can obviously be dangerous if drivers are affected.
如果司机受到影响，这显然是危险的。
I know so many people are worried about security and I imagine this is why huge areas of our cities are, in your words, over-lit.
我知道很多人担心安全问题，我想这就是城市的大部分地区，用你的话说，都过度照明的原因。
Well, many studies have shown there is little connection between lighting and crime.
许多研究表明，照明与犯罪之间几乎没什么联系。
Besides, much of the lighting which is badly designed creates very strong light and shadow contrasts, which actually creates good hiding places for criminals.
此外，许多设计糟糕的照明会产生非常强烈的光影对比，这实际上为犯罪分子创造了好的藏身之处。
So what changes would you like to see implemented, Susan?
苏珊，你希望看到实施哪些改革措施呢？
I think there are some very basic things that can be changed.
我认为有一些非常基本的事情是可以改变的。
There needs to be a standard for street lighting which eliminates completely above-horizontal light escape.
需要出台一个关于道路照明的标准，以有效避免光线外溢。
By that I mean we can't continue to use inefficient street lighting equipment which enables a lot of the light emitted to escape upwards into the sky.
我的意思是，我们不能继续使用低效的街道照明设备，这会使大量光线外溢到天空中。
That is the first priority. Next, we need tougher restrictions on how much light is used to illuminate a given area.
这是第一要务。接下来，我们需要更严格地限制用于照亮特定区域的光量。
That way, we avoid the problem of what is called light trespass, where light escapes from the area, for example, a parking lot that it is supposed to illuminate, and goes, for instance, into nearby windows or roads.
这样，我们就避免了所谓的光侵入问题，即光从某个区域外溢，例如，应该照亮停车场的光线外溢进入附近的窗户或道路。
Yeah, that often happens.
是的，这种事经常发生。
This is what we are saying.
这就是我们所说的。
We don't have a problem with security lighting in any number of parking lots or stores.
我们在任何停车场或商店都没有安全照明的问题。
But, and this is important, the lighting needs to be suitable and, above all, directed correctly.
但是，这一点很重要，光线要合适，最重要的是，照明方向正确。
We are becoming a society obsessed with turning night into day but I can tell you now, not everybody finds this situation satisfactory.
我们正在成为一个痴迷于将黑夜变成白天的社会，但我现在可以告诉你，并不是每个人都对这种情况感到满意。
Is there something we can do ourselves to lessen the problem, or at least not add to it?
我们自己能做些什么来减轻这个问题，或者至少不会加剧这个问题？
Yes. There are things we can do in our own home.
是的。我们可以在自己的家里做一些事情。
For example, if you use lighting, be it security lighting or lighting for your barbecue in the garden, just make sure it is well directed, by which I mean angled downwards, and the light source itself, the bulb I mean, has a good cover on it.
例如，如果你使用照明，无论是安全照明还是花园烧烤的照明，只要确保光线方向良好，我的意思是应该让光线的照射角度向下，灯泡上有一个很好的遮盖物。
Well I, for one, have learnt a lot this evening.
就我而言，今天晚上学到了很多东西。
And you have given us a lot of food for thought the next time we look up into an increasingly orange sky al night. Susan, thanks for your time tonight.
下次当我们在夜晚抬头看橙色的天空时，我们会想到你所讲述的内容。苏珊，谢谢你今晚抽出时间来参加我们的节目。
You're welcome!
不客气！
This is the end of the second interview.
第二个访谈到此结束。
Questions 6 to 10 are based on what you have just heard.
根据刚刚听到的内容，回答6至10题。
Question 6: What does the woman think of light pollution?
问题6：女士对光污染问题有什么看法？
Question 7: Why does the woman suggest that the audience look up into the sky?
问题7：为什么女士建议观众抬头看天空？
Question 8: In the woman's opinion, how does lighting relate to crime?
问题8：在女士看来，照明与犯罪有什么关系？
Question 9: What change would the woman like to see?
问题9：女士希望看到什么样的变化？
Question 10: What does the woman recommend for home lighing?
问题10：女士对家庭照明有什么建议？
