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I want to focus you really on the two on the left-hand side of your screen
最需要大家注意的是最左侧这两种
because what was striking to us
非常惊人
was that across the US population reducing salt by half a teaspoon a day
美国人均盐摄取量减少半茶匙
had the same population benefit as decreasing the number of smokers by half
效果同全国吸烟者人数减半效果相当
So this is quite a big change and a big dramatic benefit for public health
这是公共健康方面巨大且显著的好处
Now let's be clear
我讲明确一点
If you are an individual and you smoke
对吸烟的个体而言
the single most important thing you can do for your heart health is to stop smoking
对心脏健康最重要的莫过于停止吸烟
But across the population
但就整个国家的人口而言
an individual when they stop smoking
个体戒烟时
they have a dramatic benefit for themselves and they have a benefit for the people around them who now are no longer exposed to secondhand smoke
只对自身及周围吸二手烟的人有显著好处
but there are no additional benefits for the rest of us who are not smokers
对人口中其他人没有明显影响
The interesting thing about reducing salt in the food supply is that everyone basically benefits a little bit
而减少盐供应量能让每个人都受益
You benefit more if you're older
老年人受益更大
You benefit more if you already have hypertension
高血压患者受益更大
But everybody benefits a little bit from a slightly lower blood pressure
不过所有人都能从较低血压中受益
So the reason why on average these two numbers turn out to be quite the same
所以，平均而言，这两种举措数字接近
is because reducing smoking have a large effect on a smaller number of people
减少吸烟是对少量人有大的效果
and reducing salt in the food supply
而减少食品中盐的供给
has a smaller but measurable effect on everyone in the US
对全美国所有人有较小但明显的效果
How could we reduce salt in our diet?
如何减少膳食中的盐
These are some ad campaigns in the UK that have been quite successful
这是英国的一系列广告，非常成功
The left is Sid the Slug
左侧是一只叫Sid的鼻涕虫
who's always known that too much salt is bad for his heart
说盐太多它心脏受不了
And on the right is the sort of advocacy campaign really encouraging people in restaurants
右侧的广告则鼓励人们到餐馆进餐时
to ask for a no salt added to their food or less salt added to their food
要求食物里面少放或不放盐
The UK in 2003, their Food and Drug Administration launched a public health campaign
2003年，英国食品和药物管理局启动公共健康项目
to encourage food manufacturers to lower salt in their products
鼓励食品生产商降低产品含盐量
Their goal is to reduce salt intake by a third over the time period from 2005-2010
目标是在2005-2010年，将盐摄取量减少1/3
They raised awareness in general through campaigns like Sid the Slug
政府通过鼻涕虫Sid之类的广告，吸引公众注意
They worked really closely with the food industry
同食品工业密切合作
They basically identified 75 food products
他们要求75种食物产品
and they said we want you over this time period to start reducing salt in each of these products
在这段时间内减少含盐量
They use both a little bit of a carrot and stick approach
政府采取了胡萝卜加大棒的方法
The food companies knew that there was gonna be monitoring
食品公司知道有监管
knew that these targets were going to be reevaluated yearly
知道这些目标每年会再评估
and there was quite clear surveillance of what was going on
政府对发展情况的监督也非常明晰
And they got many of the food industries to the table and to agree for particular categories of products that this was going be the goal
政府将很多食品公司都找来让他们答应特定产品类别的目标
There's pretty clear labeling in the UK. Labeling is on the front of the package
英国有很明晰的标注，就在包装正面
There's traffic light labeling. So red means way too much
有红绿灯标记，红色表示太多
Yellow means be cautious and green mean this is a good low amount
黄色表示请谨慎，绿色表示良好低量
And they do that for salt and for fats
食盐和脂肪都有这种标记
