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3.3增词 (Amplification)
增词指翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯。
１、根据背景知识增补
1) 世纪伟人邓小平
Mr. Deng Xiaoping, one of the great figures in the twentieth century
2) 班门弄斧
show off one’s proficiency with axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter
3) 三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。
The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses Zhuge Liang, the master mind.
２、根据逻辑关系需要增补
汉语重义合、英语重形合。增加连词成分
３、根据语法需要增补
１）增加量词
an elephant
a martial music
Soon the whole sky is azure and flaming.
不一会儿，万里晴空已是一片火红。
２）增加时、体和语气（重点）
Yesterday evening I had seen her on her knees in front of the house.
昨天夜晚我曾看见她跪在房子前面。
The research work is being done by a small group of dedicated and imaginative scientists who specialize in extracting from various sea animals substances that may improve the health of the human race.
正在进行
The surgeons weren’t sure how long my new joints would last. But they’re holding up fine.
那些外科医生（当时）不能肯定我的新关节可以维持多久，但是它们（至今还是）运转良好。
It would have been only courteous to kneel at the proper time, as all did, since I had voluntarily come to church.
既然我来教堂出于自愿，仅仅为了礼貌起见，我（本应当）和大家一起下跪。
She would spend hours dressing herself in fine clothes, and brushing her black hair. Then she would stand by the mirror and admire herself.
她（总是）要花好几个小时为自己盛装打扮，梳理她乌黑的头发。之后她还（常常）照着镜子自我欣赏一番。
I have had the joy of two beautiful and wonderful wives, the happiness of parenthood and the love of eight children.
我有幸（先后）获得两位美丽贤惠的妻子带来的幸福，体验过为人之父的乐趣和八个子女的爱。
３）增加适当词语区别单复数
The lion is the king of animals.
狮子是百兽之王。
The slogan “Press on” has solved and always will solve the problems of the human race.
“坚持下去”的口号已经解决并将继续解决人类的各种问题。
Now, years later, that evening’s loveliness——I so nearly missed——is one of my most cherished memories.
如今多少年过去了，那个我差点失之交臂的迷人傍晚，如今却成了我最珍贵的记忆。
She warmly welcomed her guests in and brought them a cup of tea.
她热情地将客人们迎了进来，然后给他们各端上一杯茶。
４）增补表达词
Fortune knocks at every man’s door once in a life, but in a good many cases, the man is in a neighboring saloon and does not hear her.
每一个人的一生中，幸运女神都只来敲一次门，可是许多情况下，那个受到眷顾的人竟在隔壁的酒馆里，听不见她敲门。
French managers are Napoleonic and their management style is imperial.
法国经理人是拿破仑式（内松外紧）的人物，有着帝王般的管理风格。
Long-stemmed models ankled through the lobby.
身材修长的模特袅袅婷婷地从厅中走过。
具体译法
所谓具体译法，就是在翻译过程中把原文中抽象或比较抽象的单词、词组、成语或句子用具体或比较具体的单词、词组、成语或句子来进行翻译，从而消除或降低语言差别给翻译带来的损失，使译文产生与原文同样的效果。
A词缀法
-tion 作用；过程
We should by no means neglect the evaporation of water.
我们决不能忽视水的蒸发作用。
erosion of steel 钢的腐蚀（作用）
Many changes take place during the transformation.
在转化过程中出现了许多变化。
During transportation, the driver should be careful.
在驾驶过程中，司机要小心。
-ing 做法；行为
All the people were exasperated by his fault-finding.
大家都被他那种吹毛求疵的做法激怒了。
-ness 状态；气质；心情
We were all greatly moved by his loftiness.
我们都被他那种崇高气质所深深打动。
humbleness 谦虚作风
We all look down upon his humbleness.
我们都看不起他这种贱相（卑微的态度）。
We have to do our utmost to ameliorate the backwardness of our nation.
我们必须全力以赴改变国家的落后面貌。
John’s lightheartedness, however, did not last long.
然而，约翰这种轻松愉悦的心情没有持续很久。
-ity 性；与-able和-tive相关
reasonability 合理性
sensibility 合理性
sensitivity 敏感性
creativity 创造性
originality 创造性
ingenuity 创造性
readability 可读性
flexibility 柔韧性、可塑性、灵活性、延展性
B集合名词法
family 家庭
team, group, family, class, committee, community, city, country, world
Our team is playing well. 今天我们对整体发挥的不错（隐含之意；对部分队员不满）
Our team are playing well. 我们球队每个人都打疯了（隐含之意；对每个队员都非常满意）
C比喻法
very timid 非常胆小
very strong 非常强壮
D成语法
a great and through-going change 巨大而彻底的变化
very anxious to return home 回家心切
５）增补重复词（连词、承上启下的词、概括词）
We have discussed our safety and sanitary regulations.
我们已经讨论了安全规则和卫生规则。
We left so much in Vietnam——so much innocence, so many dreams, so many good men and women.
我们在越南失去的东西太多了——失去许许多多无辜的生命，失去许许多多美梦，失去许许多多善良的男男女女。
He had become a master of evasion: his main response to criticism is to threaten, filibuster and delay.
他已是个回避问题的老手：其回应批评的主要方法是一威胁、二阻挠、三拖延。
Mary was ready to go, but first she wanted her book to be in print.
玛丽准备走了，但先要目睹她那本书出版后才瞑目。
