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二、句子成分转换
句子成分转换是指英语中的某一句子成分已成汉语时转换成另一种句子成分。
１、主语和宾语转换
有灵动词：有生命的主语接
无灵动词：无生命的主语接
American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson.
托马斯·杰斐逊对美国的教育事业做出了巨大贡献。
Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak.
她虽没有完全失去镇静，可是却又找不出话可说。
他于 9 月 3 日攻克了布鲁塞尔，次日又拿下了安特卫普。
２、定语和宾语转换
Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.
自建国以来，每一代美国人都被要求宣誓效忠于祖国。
3、定语和状语转换
He will give an immediate reply.
他会立即答复。
三、表达方式转换
score, dozen, decade, quarter
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.87年
She will be back in the last ten days of June.六月下旬
During the first part of his life, Watt studied weather and storm.年轻时
His father is in his sixties.年逾花甲
She has been a widow only for six months.他丈夫死了不到半年。
Our men’s wear 25% discount.七五折
You are quite a stranger here. 这里的人不认识你
There used to be a river here two centuries back of this. 两个世纪以前
I’m low IQ, you know. 我很笨； low EQ(吃不开)；low AQ(沉不住气)
There is always a place for you at your table.
请你随时来吃便饭。
四、正面表达与反面表达转换——正反译法
有些从正面表达的东西在汉语中却习惯从反面来表达，而有些从反面表达的东西在汉语中却习惯从正面来表达。这就是我们通常所说的“正反译法”。
Ø 英语正面表达转换为汉语反面表达
frost-free refrigerator
无霜冰箱
duty-free zone
免税区
carefree
无忧无虑的
Wet paint!
油漆未干！
Stop talking nonsense!
别胡扯了！
He yelled “Freeze!”
他大喝一声：“不许动！”
Keep off the lawn!
请勿践踏草坪！
I failed to understand your meaning.
我弄不懂你的意思。
The coffee is too sweet to bear.
咖啡甜得让人受不了。
Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you?
你想知道她为什么不想见到你？
Her husband hates to see her stony face.
她丈夫不愿意见到她那张面无表情的脸。
A person who does a regrettable action is often regretful afterwards.
行为不检点的人，日后往往要后悔。
The naughty boy is far from honest and his excuse is pretty thin.
这个调皮的男孩很不老实，他的借口一点也站不住脚。
You have roused my curiosity. And now you must gratify it.
你现在已经激起我的好奇心了，那现在你别在卖关子了。
Appearances are often deceptive.
外表往往是靠不住的。
At the news of his father’s death, he remained quiet for several days.
一听到他父亲的死讯，他好几天一言不发。
Ø 英语反面表达转换为汉语正面表达
I adhered to all the courtesies I had been taught. This frustrated my son to no end.
我遵从所有我学过的礼貌和规矩，这使我儿子大为失望。
You can’t be too careful.
你越仔细越好。
We could not be more mistaken.
我们大错特错。
The United Nations Organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it.
到目前为止，联合国辜负了世界人民寄予的希望。
For three weeks I held both jobs, working from eight in the morning until
三周来我身兼两职，每天从早上八点一直工作到午夜。我的一生中以那段时光最为快乐。
五、被动语态与主动语态转换（转态译法）
1、被动到主动
1） 多种被动词
“受……”、“遭……”、“由……”、“给……”、“为……所……”、“予以……”、“加以……”
He was released immediately after Oct 7.
一过十月七号，他获释了。
He was described as impressed by Deng’s flexibility.
据说他为邓（小平）的灵活态度所感动
2） 省略被动词（同时可以作及物、不及物的词）
The risk of global nuclear conflict has been greatly reduced.
全球核冲突的危险性已经大大减小了。
（注意：在此been可以删除，四大趋势的词都可同样使用）
Over 700 of the world’s finest footballers were gathered in
700多名世界顶尖足球运动员聚集在日本和韩国参加第17届世界杯比赛。
3） 主被交换
a) 主语+谓语+状语 结构的被动句，结构调整为：状语+谓语+宾语（原主语），
Movies were first made in
一战前好莱坞首次制作了电影。
b) 主语（受动者）+谓语+（by）施动者 结构的被动句, 处理为施动者+谓语+受动者的主动结构
The mobile phone boom is driven by the young adults.
年轻人推动了移动电话市场的繁荣。
4） 形式主语法
“据……”
It is said that… 据说……
It is reported that… 据报道……
It is calculated that… 据统计……
不定代词
“有人”、“大家”、“人们”
It is believed that… 有人（我们、人们）相信（认为）……
It is generally considered that… 大家认为……
It is well-known… 众所周知……
It is rarely known… 鲜为人知……
2、主动到被动
1) 马路两旁是整齐的梧桐树。
The avenue was lined with neatly-spaced plane trees.
2) 我也佩服你的见解。
I was also struck by your suggestions.
3) 全国人民所渴望的政治协商会议现在开幕了。
The Political Consultative Conference so eagerly awaited by the whole nation is herewith inaugurated.
4) 全国同胞们，中华人民共和国现已宣告成立。
Fellow-countrymen, the founding of the People’s Republic of
