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1、pledge
保证；诺言；誓言
The meeting ended with a pledge to step up cooperation between the six states of the region.
会议以承诺加快这一地区六国间的合作而结束。
a 1.1m pledge of support from the Spanish ministry of culture.
来自西班牙文化部110万英镑的资助许诺
保证，许诺，发誓（做）；保证给予
Mr Dudley has pledged to give any award to charity.
达德利先生已承诺将任何所获的损害赔偿额都捐给慈善机构。
Philip pledges support and offers to help in any way that he can.
菲利普保证给予支持，并主动提出尽其所能提供帮助。
使保证，使许诺，使发誓（遵循或支持）
The President pledged himself to increase taxes for the rich but not the middle classes.
总统保证增加对富人而非中产阶级的税收。
Tony Cottee has pledged himself to Everton Football Club for another three years.
托尼·科蒂已答应同埃弗顿足球俱乐部再续约3年。
2、challenge
挑战;难题
I like a big challenge and they don't come much bigger than this.
我喜欢大的挑战，而所有挑战中再没有比这更大的了。
The new government's first challenge is the economy.
新政府面临的第一个难题是经济问题。
(成功地)应对挑战，迎接挑战
The new Germany must rise to the challenge of its enhanced responsibilities.
一个崭新的德国必须迎接挑战，承担更多的责任。
They rose to the challenge of entertaining 80 schoolchildren for an afternoon.
他们一个下午成功接待了80名学童。
怀疑，质疑(真实性、价值、权威等)
Democratic leaders have challenged the president to sign the bill.
民主党领袖对总统签署这项法案提出了质疑。
The move was immediately challenged by two of the republics.
此项动议立即遭到其中两个共和国的反对。
