7. Age of Invention 发明时代 (1870-1890)
These two decades saw the invention of electric light, alternating current, the telephone, automobile, steam turbine, gas turbine, water heater, transformer, arc welding, phonograph and seismograph; development of vaccination and surgical techniques; Boltzmann’s development of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics; production of radio waves; the birth of the environmental conservation movement; and artworks by Rodin, Monet, Brahms, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Eliot, Chekhov and Twain.
这二十年见证了电灯、交流电、电话、汽车、蒸汽涡轮、瓦斯涡轮、热水器、变压器、电弧焊、照片和地震仪的发明;疫苗接种和外科手术的发展;玻尔兹曼热力学和统计力学的发展;无线电波的使用;环保行动的诞生;罗丁、莫奈、勃拉姆斯、陀斯妥也夫斯基、托尔斯泰、埃利奥特、契诃夫和马克吐翁的艺术创作。