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Hello! This is Emma from mmmEnglish, back with another lesson on the mmEnglish Youtube channel.
你好!这是来自mmmEnglish的艾玛，带着另一节课回到mmEnglish Youtube频道。
Now in English, we say “The school is on Bay Street.”
现在在英语中，我们说“The school is on Bay Street”。
Not “The school is at Bay Street.”
而不是“The school is at Bay Street.”
“They live at 10 Park Road.”
我们说“They live at 10 Park Road.”
Not “She lives in 10 Park Road.”
而不是“She lives in 10 Park Road.”
“The museum is in the city.”
我们说“The museum is in the city.”
Not “The museum is on the city.”
而不是“The museum is on the city.”
“I live at 300 King Street, in an apartment, on the fourth floor.”
我们说“I live at 300 King Street, in an apartment, on the fourth floor.”
These little words can cause lots of headaches if English is not your first language.
如果英语不是你的母语，这些小词会让你头疼。
They're called prepositions and there are lots of them in English.
它们被称为介词，在英语中有很多。
In, on, at, by, with, for, over, under, of, to.
有In, on, at, by, with, for, over, under, of, to.
They all help to give information about the time, location or direction in your English sentences.
它们都有助于在你的英语句子中提供有关时间、地点或方向的信息。
in, on, at and by In this lesson, we'll take a closer look at these small but very common, very useful English words.
在本节课中，我们将进一步学习这些虽小但很常见、很有用的英语单词。
And we'll concentrate on how you can use them to give information about the place or location of something.
我们将集中讨论如何使用它们来提供关于某个地方或位置的信息。
Now, the bad news is that there's no clear way of knowing which preposition you need to use.
现在，坏消息是没有明确的方法知道你需要使用哪个介词。
In fact, different prepositions can be used with the same words but this can change the meaning of your sentence.
事实上，相同的单词可以使用不同的介词，但这会改变句子的意思。
Am I at the car?
比如Am I at the car?
At the location of the car?
还有At the location of the car?
Am I in the car?
还有Am I in the car?
Or am I on the car?
后者Or am I on the car?
All of these sentences are okay but the meaning is different in each question.
所有这些句子都可以，但是每个问题的意思都不一样。
Most of the time, you can't just guess the correct preposition.
大多数时候，你不能只是猜测正确的介词。
It's not really a good strategy to improve your English - unless you're a really lucky person!
这并不是一个提高英语的好方法——除非你是一个非常幸运的人!
The worst way to try and learn prepositions is to translate them from your native language.
学习介词最糟糕的方法就是把它们从你的母语翻译过来。
This can cause lots of problems.
这会导致很多问题。
Prepositions must be learned in chunks of words or called collocations.
介词必须以词块或搭配的形式来学习。
Groups of words that are often used together.
经常一起使用的一组词。
Like, “In the morning.”
比如“In the morning”
“At night.”
比如“At night.”
“It depends on... (something)”
比如“It depends on... (something)”
“He's keen on football.”
比如“He's keen on football.”
Learning this way will help you to make fewer mistakes with prepositions.
学习这种方法可以帮助你减少介词的错误。
Instead, pay attention to how native speakers use these prepositions.
相反，要注意以英语为母语的人是如何使用这些介词的。
How are they used in the newspaper articles that you read or stories?
它们在你读的报纸文章或故事中是如何使用的?
What words are they used with?
和那些词一起使用？
And pay close attention to the general rules that I'll teach you in this lesson, so that you can make the right choices when choosing prepositions of place.
注意这节课我要教你的一般规则，这样你在选择介词的位置时就能做出正确的选择。
Let's get started with “in”
让我们从" in "开始
Now the best way to think about the preposition, “in”
现在思考介词in的最好方式是
is being within something inside the edges of something.
在某物内部，在某物中间。
So let's start really simply with containers or spaces that are enclosed.
让我们简单地从封闭的容器或空间开始。
I've got the key in my pocket.
我把钥匙放在口袋里了。
There's some milk in the fridge.
冰箱里有一些牛奶。
She left it in the top drawer.
她把它放在最上面的抽屉里了。
There's nothing left in my cup.
我的杯子里什么都没有了。
Now, it's easy to think about all of these examples as being inside something because the edges are really clear.
现在，很容易把所有这些例子想象成在某个东西里面因为它的边缘非常清晰。
You can see inside them.
你可以看到里面。
There's a clear inside and an outside.
里面和外面都很干净。
Right?
真的吗？
Take our earlier example, I'm in the car.
拿我们前面的例子来说，我在车里。
The car has clear edges, I'm definitely inside the edges of the car.
车的边缘很清晰，我绝对是在车的边缘里面。
We can use “in”
我们可以用in
with buildings or rooms and places that can surround a person or an object on all sides.
用在有建筑物、房间和可以四面围绕着人或物的地方。
Can you take a seat in the waiting room please?
请您在等候室坐一下好吗?
I've left my bag in your office.
我把包忘在你办公室了。
Why don't we have a picnic in the park?
我们为什么不在公园里野餐呢?
But there are lots of times when you need to use this preposition when the edges are less clear.
但是很多时候当你需要使用这个介词的时候边缘就不那么清晰了。
So for example, with areas or regions or cities and towns.
例如，地区或区域或城镇。
I'm filming this video in Spain.
我在西班牙拍这个视频。
I grew up in Melbourne.
我在墨尔本长大。
Holidaying in France is easy if you speak French!
如果你会说法语，在法国度假很容易!
Regolisa is a small village in the mountains.
雷格里萨是一个山里的小村庄。
We're going for a drive in the country.
我们打算开车去乡下兜风。
Lots of people were swimming in the lake.
许多人在湖里游泳。
Now, all of these nouns have borders or edges, even if they're not really obvious or clear.
所有这些名词都有边，即使它们不是很明显。
We can physically be located inside the edges of this space.
我们可以在物理上位于这个空间的边缘。
Now when talking about groups of people, you can often use “in”.
当谈论一群人时，你可以用in。
She works in the finance team, surrounded by people.
她在财务部工作，周围都是人。
He got selected to play in the national team.
他被选入国家队。
But there's an exception for important high-level groups where members are often elected.
但有一个例外，重要的高层组织的成员通常是由选举产生的。
He's on the board.
他在董事会。
Or they're on the committee, or on the council.
或者他们是委员会的成员，或者是委员会的成员。
We can also use “in”
我们也可以用“in”
with liquids and other substances to show what they contain.
用于液体和其他物质来显示它们的含量。
Careful!
仔细些！
There's a lot of chilli in that sauce.
那个酱汁里有很多辣椒。
There's too much sugar in soft drinks.
软饮料里的糖太多了。
Do you have milk in your coffee?
你的咖啡里有牛奶吗?
Now the preposition “on”
现在来看介词“on”
is used to talk about the position of something on surfaces or things that can be thought-of as surfaces like walls or tables.
用来描述某物在表面上的位置，或者可以被认为是墙壁或桌子等表面的东西。
My phone is on the table.
我的电话在桌子上。
You can see a painting on the wall behind me.
你可以看到我身后的墙上有一幅画。
We live on the fourth floor of the building.
我们住在大楼的四楼。
Can you write it on that piece of paper?
你能把它写在那张纸上吗?
He's spilled ice cream on his new jumper!
他把冰淇淋洒在他的新毛衣上了!
Now, keep thinking about this idea of flat surfaces because it includes roads and streets and rivers.
现在，继续思考平面的概念，因为它包括道路、街道和河流。
The supermarket is on the corner of Martin Street.
超级市场在马丁街的拐角处。
Nice is on the south coast of France.
尼斯位于法国南海岸。
Now the idea of flat surfaces also includes water, so rivers, oceans, lakes.
平面的概念也包括水，河流，海洋，湖泊。
What's that on the water?
水上那是什么?
Floating on the water.
漂浮在水面上。
We'll take you out on the lake - in our boat.
我们将带你到湖上去——在我们的船上。
We'll be on the lake, in our boat.
我们将在湖上，在我们的船上。
Okay, now let's talk about the preposition “at”.
好的，现在我们来谈谈介词at。
It's used to talk about specific places or points in space.
它用来谈论空间中的特定地点或目的地。
Sarah's still at school.
莎拉还在学校。
I'll meet you at the bus stop.
我在公共汽车站等你。
Turn left at the traffic light.
在红绿灯处向左转。
Now it's also used with public places and shops.
现在也用于公共场所和商店。
For example, I studied design at college or school or university.
例如，我在大学学习设计。
Let's meet at the station.
我们在车站见。
We have to stop at the supermarket on the way home.
回家的路上我们得在超市停一下。
There was a crazy guy at the library today.
今天在图书馆有个疯子。
We also use it with addresses.
我们也将它用于地址。
They live at 14 Eagle Road.
他们住在鹰路14号。
I'll meet you at the corner of Beach Street and Park Road.
我在海滩街和公园路的拐角处等你。
I had a coffee at Helen's house.
我在海伦家喝了杯咖啡。
At her house, right?
在她家里，对吧?
Careful, not to confuse the preposition with another, “with”.
注意，不要把介词和另一个介词“with”混淆了。
I had a cup of coffee with Helen.
我和海伦喝了一杯咖啡。
That means Helen, the person, not Helen's house.
意思是海伦，那个人，不是海伦的房子。
We can use “at” with events.
我们可以在事件中使用at。
We met at a party.
我们是在一个聚会上认识的。
He's speaking at a conference later this week.
他将在本周晚些时候的一次会议上发表讲话。
So in all of these examples, the preposition “at”
在所有这些例子中，介词at
is used to talk about specific places or points in space.
可以用来谈论空间中的特定地点或目的地。
Okay I went through quite a few examples there, but let's just stop and review the rules for a minute.
好了，我讲了很多例子，但我们先停下来复习一下规则。
“At”is one-dimensional.
At是一维的。
Think of a map.
想想地图。
When you're looking at a map, you're referring to a specific place or position in space.
当你看地图的时候，你指的是空间中的一个特定的地方或位置。
“On”is more two-dimensional.
“On”更多的是二维的。
You have a flat surface and you're referring to the position of something or someone in relation to that surface.
你有一个平面，你指的是某物或某个人相对于那个平面的位置。
So you're recognising the space around you a little more when you're using that preposition.
所以当你使用这个介词的时候，你会对周围的空间有更多的认识。
Now “in”is the sort of three-dimensional preposition.
in是一种三维介词。
So when you use it, you need to think about the position of something in relation to what surrounds it.
所以当你使用它的时候，你需要考虑某物的位置和它周围的东西的关系。
Now of course, there are grey areas and many exceptions that will make you scratch your head and wonder, what?!
当然，也有灰色地带和许多例外情况会让你挠头，想知道什么?
When you hear that expression, “grey areas”
当你听到“灰色区域”这个表达时
it means that something is unclear.
它的意思是某事不清楚。
It's not black and it's not white, it's somewhere in the middle but we don't know exactly where - it's unclear.
它不是黑色的，也不是白色的，它在中间的某个地方，但我们不知道确切的位置，它是不清楚的。
That's a very common expression.
这是一个很常见的表达。
Now there are many grey areas for prepositions when you're talking about the place or the location of something.
当你谈论某物的地点或位置时，介词有很多灰色地带。
It's on the corner.
它在拐角处。
Or it's at the corner.
或者就在拐角处。
These two examples mean almost the same thing.
这两个例子的意思几乎是一样的。
The museum is on the south side of the city.
博物馆在城市的南边。
So this expression, on the south side or on the right side or on the left side, it always uses the preposition “on”.
所以这个表达式，在左边或右边，它总是用介词on。
Your seat is on the left side.
你的座位在左边。
Now I said before that Nice is on the south coast of France but Nice is also in the south of France.
我之前说过尼斯在法国的南海岸但是尼斯也在法国的南部。
Now there is a difference here when we're referring to the flat surface and the region or the area.
当我们说到平面和区域面积的时候这里有个区别。
So it's that spatial difference.
这就是空间差异。
On the south coast or in the south of France.
在南部海岸或法国南部。
It's a little hard to get your head around, right?
这有点难理解，对吧?
But France is a space that has edges.
但法国是一个边缘地带。
It's enclosed so we use “in”.
它是封闭的，所以我们用“in”。
I'll see you at Melanie's house.
我们在梅勒妮家见。
So that's the place right?
就是这个地方，对吧?
But I'll meet you in the kitchen.
但我们在厨房见。
It's an enclosed room or enclosed space.
它是一个封闭的房间或空间。
I'll meet you at the corner of Beach Street and Park Road.
我在海滩街和公园路的拐角处等你。
I saw it in the corner of the room.
我看见它在房间的角落里。
So that's an enclosed space, right?
这是一个封闭空间，对吧?
How about this one?
这个怎么样
Write it on the paper in your notebook, at the top of the page or in the corner.
把它写在你笔记本的纸上，在页面的顶部或角落里。
We say I'm in the car and I'm on the bus or the train.
我们说 I'm in the car and I'm on the bus or the train.
So there are also times when you can use two different prepositions and the meaning is actually really similar especially between “at”and “on”
所以有时候你也可以使用两个不同的介词它们的意思其实很相似尤其是在at和on之间
Sarah's still in school. Or Sarah is still at school.
莎拉还在上学。
Now these sentences mean almost exactly the same thing.
这些句子的意思几乎完全一样。
“In”school suggests that Sarah is inside the school buildings.
“In”school暗示莎拉在学校大楼里。
She's a student, she's learning there.
她是一个学生，她在那里学习。
“At”suggests that she's at the location of the school but she could be inside a building or outside and she's not necessarily a student either.
“At”表示她在学校的位置，但她可能在大楼里，也可能在外面，她不一定是学生。
She could be a parent visiting the school, for example.
例如，她可能是参观学校的家长。
I think they're at the beach Or I think they're on the beach.
我想他们在海滩上。
“At the beach”is the place.
“At the beach”是一个地方。
“On the beach”means the sand.
“On the beach”是指沙滩。
But you can't use “in”.
但是你不能用in。
If you say “in”you need to use the water.
如果你说“in”，你需要和水一起用。
You can be in the water.
你可以在水里。
She's in the sea.
她在海里。
She's in the lake.
她在湖里。
She's in the water.
她在水里。
One more two-lettered preposition to add to this lesson about place is “by”.
本课关于地点还有一个两个字母的介词“by”。
I'm waiting by the car.
我在车旁边等着。
Put your bag by the door and sit down.
把你的包放在门边，然后坐下。
Here, “by” is used to mean next to something or beside or near.
在这里，“by”用来表示某物的旁边、旁边或附近。
These are all prepositions that give us detail about the location of something.
这些都是介词，告诉我们某物的具体位置。
They live near the school.
他们住在学校附近。
They live next to the school.
他们住在学校隔壁。
They live by the school.
他们住在学校附近。
So there are definitely a few confusing things about prepositions, right?
所以介词肯定有一些令人困惑的地方，对吧?
To successfully learn to use prepositions really well, learn them with the words around them.
要真正成功地学会使用介词，就要学会介词周围的单词。
Don't try and learn them on their own.
不要试图自己去学习。
The general rules that we talked about during this lesson, will help you to make better choices - most of the time!
我们在这节课中讨论的一般规则，将帮助你做出更好的选择——大多数时候!
Well I hope this lesson has helped to make a few things clearer for you.
我希望这堂课能让你们更清楚一些事情。
If you've got any questions at all, just pop them in the comments under this video.
如果你有任何问题，请在视频下方留言。
If you love this channel and you enjoy my lessons, then please make sure that you subscribe to my channel right here or here.
如果你喜欢这个频道并且喜欢我的课程，那么请确保你订阅了我的频道。
And check out some of the other lessons that I've made in these playlists, right here.
看看我在这些播放列表中做的其他课程，就在这里。
See you next week and thanks for watching mmmEnglish.
下周见，感谢收看mmmEnglish。
Bye for now!
暂时再见！
