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Mini English Lessons
迷你英语课
Today's Mini English Lesson is about how to pronounce -ed endings.
今天的迷你英语课，我们讲怎样读ed结尾的单词。
These are common on regular past simple verbs, regular past participles, and also lots of adjectives.
ed词尾在动词的一般过去时、过去分词，以及很多形容词中都很常见。
When you see an -ed ending, there are three different possible pronunciations, and we can divide these into two main categories.
ed词尾有三种不同的发音，可以分为两大类。
Here are some verbs from the first category.
首先是第一大类的动词示例。
Want becomes wanted. Need becomes needed.
want变成wanted，need变成needed。
In this category, we add a syllable when we pronounce it.
在这一类中，发音时加一个音节。
So to 'want', a one syllable word, we add /?d/, making a two syllable word. Wanted.
也就是单音节词want，加上/id/，变成双音节词wanted。
The same for need, one syllable, we add /?d/, needed.
need也是一样，是单音节词，加上/id/，变成needed。
Here are some other verbs in this category: wait, waited, recommend, recommended. Can you see the pattern?
这一大类中的动词包括wait, wated; recommend, recommended。你可以发现规律吗？
All of these verbs end with 'd' or 't'.
所有这些动词都以d或t结尾。
If the final letter of the verb is d or t, you can add a syllable in the past simple. You add /?d/.
如果动词的最后一个字母是d或t，一般过去时就要加一个音节，加上/id/。
That's the first category. Let's look at the second category.
上面是第一大类，接下来看第二大类。
Here are some example verbs: play - played, live - lived.
比如这些动词：play, played; live, lived。
With these verbs, we do not add another syllable.
对于这些动词，不需要加一个音节。
If you say /ple?ed/, it's wrong.
如果你说play-ed，那就是错的。（注：音节必须要有元音，/d/不是音节，/id/是音节。）
Remember, the only verbs that add an extra syllable end in 't' or 'd'.
请记住，只有以t或d结尾的动词才加一个音节。
All other verbs, they keep the same number of syllables.
除此之外的所有其他动词，音节数量都不变。
Close is one syllable, and the past is closed, still one syllable.
close是单音节，过去时是closed，还是单音节。
Focus is two syllables and the past is focussed. Still two syllables.
focus是双音节，过去时是focussed/focused，还是双音节。
But there is a little difference in this category.
但这一大类有点小区别。
We don't add an extra syllable, but we do add an extra sound to make the past simple.
一般过去时中，不需要加音节，但需要加一个额外的音。
And for this, you have two options.
对于加什么音，有两种选择。
The sound could be /d/ or /t/.
可以是/d/或/t/。
Let's compare those two verbs again, close and focus.
我们来比较一下两个动词：close和focus。
The verb focus ends with a /s/ sound, like a snake.
focus的最后一个音是/s/，听起来像蛇一样。
When you say /s/, if you put your hand here, you can't feel it. /s/
你在发/s/这个音时，把手放在喉咙上，手是感受不到震动的。/s/。
This means it is unvoiced.
说明这个音是没有声音的清音。
For the verb close, it ends with a /z/.
动词close的最后一个音是/z/。
When you say /z/, if you put your hand here, you can feel it. /z/
你在发/z/这个音时，把手放在喉咙上，手是能感受到震动的。/z/。
And that means it is voiced.
说明这个音是有声音的浊音。
So we have /s/ unvoiced, /z/ voiced.
所以有清音/s/，浊音/z/。
If the sound is unvoiced, like /s/ then we add a /t/ sound to make the past.
如果是清音，比如/s/，一般过去时的读音后面就加/t/。
Focus, focussed.
focus, focussed/focused。
If the sound is voiced, /z/, we add a /d/ sound to make the past.
如果是浊音，比如/z/，一般过去时的读音后面就加/d/。
Close, closed.
close, closed。
The only important thing is not to add an extra syllable unless the verb ends in t or d.
最重要的是除非动词以t或d结尾，否则不要加音节。
In all other cases, keep the same number of syllables and just add the sound /t/ or /d/.
除此之外的所有情况，请保持音节数量不变，读音加/t/或/d/。
So I hope you enjoyed the video and that you got everything you needed. Bye.
希望你喜欢这个视频，学到了有用的知识。拜拜。
